TY - JOUR
T1 - Attention Drifting In and Out
T2 - The Boredom Feedback Model
AU - Tam, Katy Y.Y.
AU - van Tilburg, Wijnand A.P.
AU - Chan, Christian S.
AU - Igou, Eric R.
AU - Lau, Hakwan
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 by the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.
PY - 2021/8
Y1 - 2021/8
N2 - We synthesize established and emerging research to propose a feedback process model that explicates key antecedents, experiences, and consequences of the emotion boredom. The proposed Boredom Feedback Model posits that the dynamic process of boredom resembles a feedback loop that centers on attention shifts instigated by inadequate attentional engagement. Inadequate attentional engagement is a discrepancy between desired and actual levels of attentional engagement and is a product of external and internal influences, reflected in objective resources and cognitive appraisals. The model sheds light on several essential yet unresolved puzzles in the literature, including how people learn to cope with boredom, how to understand the relation between self-control and boredom, how the roles of attention and meaning in boredom can be integrated, why boredom is associated with both high- and low-arousal negative emotions, and what contributes to chronic boredom. The model offers testable hypotheses for future research.
AB - We synthesize established and emerging research to propose a feedback process model that explicates key antecedents, experiences, and consequences of the emotion boredom. The proposed Boredom Feedback Model posits that the dynamic process of boredom resembles a feedback loop that centers on attention shifts instigated by inadequate attentional engagement. Inadequate attentional engagement is a discrepancy between desired and actual levels of attentional engagement and is a product of external and internal influences, reflected in objective resources and cognitive appraisals. The model sheds light on several essential yet unresolved puzzles in the literature, including how people learn to cope with boredom, how to understand the relation between self-control and boredom, how the roles of attention and meaning in boredom can be integrated, why boredom is associated with both high- and low-arousal negative emotions, and what contributes to chronic boredom. The model offers testable hypotheses for future research.
KW - attention
KW - boredom
KW - boredom proneness
KW - emotion
KW - self-regulation
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85105256572&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1177/10888683211010297
DO - 10.1177/10888683211010297
M3 - Review article
C2 - 33926310
AN - SCOPUS:85105256572
SN - 1088-8683
VL - 25
SP - 251
EP - 272
JO - Personality and Social Psychology Review
JF - Personality and Social Psychology Review
IS - 3
ER -