Boundary layer theory and subduction

Numerical models of thermally activated convective flow in Earth's mantle do not resemble active plate tectonics because of their inability to model successfully the process of subduction, other than by the inclusion of artificial weak zones. Using a boundary layer argument it is shown how the "rigid lid' style of convection favored by thermoviscous fluids leads to lithospheric stresses which may realistically exceed the yield stress and thus cause subduction to occur through the visco-plastic failure of lithospheric rock. An explicit criterion for the failure of the lid is given, which is sensitive to the internal viscosity η_a below the lid. For numbers appropriate to Earth's mantle, this criterion is approximately η_a>10²¹Pa s. -Author