Comparisons of kinanthropometric variables and physical performance in adolescent soccer players of different biological maturation

Biological maturation is a crucial factor in the physical development of adolescent soccer players, affecting key performance-related variables essential for talent development. This study investigated differences across maturation stages in kinanthropometric and physical performance parameters in young male soccer players. Forty-three players (13.26 ± 1.03 years) were classified into pre-, circa-, and post-peak height velocity (PHV) groups, with maturation status assessed using a validated AI-based method (China-05). Participants then completed a series of kinanthropometric assessments, including height, body mass, and body composition measured via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Additionally, they performed physical performance tests, which consisted of the countermovement jump (CMJ), isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP), maximal oxygen uptake (VO_2max) test, Wingate anaerobic test (WAT), 10-meter and 30-meter sprint times, and the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (Yo-Yo IR1). Results showed significant differences in fat mass and skeletal muscle mass, particularly between post- and pre-PHV players (p < 0.001), with post-PHV players exhibiting higher skeletal muscle mass. In terms of performance, the post-PHV group recorded significantly lower VO_2max (p < 0.05) but higher CMJ heights (p < 0.001), while sprint times showed no significant variation across maturity stages (p > 0.05). Fatigue index and peak force also differed notably, with post-PHV players displaying higher fatigue levels and peak force (p < 0.001). Significant differences in IMTP impulse at 100 ms and 300 ms (p < 0.001) indicated greater strength and power with advanced maturation. These findings underscore the influence of biological maturation on kinanthropometric and physical performance metrics, linking advanced maturation with increased strength and power but reduced aerobic capacity in post-PHV players, likely due to greater body mass. The results highlight the need for tailored training programs that consider both chronological and biological age to optimize player development, supporting more effective talent identification and training strategies.