TY - JOUR
T1 - Inflammatory mechanisms and oxidative stress as key factors responsible for progression of neurodegeneration
T2 - Role of brain innate immune system
AU - Leszek, Jerzy
AU - Barreto, George E.
AU - Gąsiorowski, Kazimierz
AU - Koutsouraki, Euphrosyni
AU - Ávila-Rodrigues, Marco
AU - Aliev, Gjumrakch
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2016 Bentham Science Publishers.
PY - 2016/4/1
Y1 - 2016/4/1
N2 - Chronic inflammation is characterized by longstanding microglial activation followed by sustained release of inflammatory mediators, which aid in enhanced nitrosative and oxidative stress. The sustained release of inflammatory mediators propels the inflammatory cycle by increased microglial activation, promoting their proliferation and thus stimulating enhanced release of inflammatory factors. Elevated levels of several cytokines and chronic neuroinflammation have been associated with many neurodegenerative disorders of central nervous system like age-related macular degeneration, Alzheimer disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’ disease, and tauopathies. This review highlights the basic mechanisms of neuroinflammation, the characteristics of neurodegenerative diseases, and the main immunologic responses in CNS neurodegenerative disorders. A comprehensive outline for the crucial role of microglia in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration and the role of Toll-like receptor signalling in coexistence of inflammatory mechanisms and oxidative stress as major factors responsible for progression of neurodegeneration have also been presented.
AB - Chronic inflammation is characterized by longstanding microglial activation followed by sustained release of inflammatory mediators, which aid in enhanced nitrosative and oxidative stress. The sustained release of inflammatory mediators propels the inflammatory cycle by increased microglial activation, promoting their proliferation and thus stimulating enhanced release of inflammatory factors. Elevated levels of several cytokines and chronic neuroinflammation have been associated with many neurodegenerative disorders of central nervous system like age-related macular degeneration, Alzheimer disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’ disease, and tauopathies. This review highlights the basic mechanisms of neuroinflammation, the characteristics of neurodegenerative diseases, and the main immunologic responses in CNS neurodegenerative disorders. A comprehensive outline for the crucial role of microglia in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration and the role of Toll-like receptor signalling in coexistence of inflammatory mechanisms and oxidative stress as major factors responsible for progression of neurodegeneration have also been presented.
KW - Microglia
KW - Neurodegenerative disorders
KW - Neuroinflammation
KW - Oxidative stress
KW - Toll-like receptors
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84961577153&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.2174/1871527315666160202125914
DO - 10.2174/1871527315666160202125914
M3 - Article
C2 - 26831258
AN - SCOPUS:84961577153
SN - 1871-5273
VL - 15
SP - 329
EP - 336
JO - CNS and Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets
JF - CNS and Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets
IS - 3
ER -