Motion sensors-based machine learning approach for the identification of anterior cruciate ligament gait patterns in on-the-field activities in rugby players

Salvatore Tedesco, Colum Crowe, Andrew Ryan, Marco Sica, Sebastian Scheurer, Amanda M. Clifford, Kenneth N. Brown, Brendan O’Flynn

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

Abstract

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are common among athletes. Despite a successful return to sport (RTS) for most of the injured athletes, a significant proportion do not return to competitive levels, and thus RTS post ACL reconstruction still represents a challenge for clinicians. Wearable sensors, owing to their small size and low cost, can represent an opportunity for the management of athletes on-the-field after RTS by providing guidance to associated clinicians. In particular, this study aims to investigate the ability of a set of inertial sensors worn on the lower-limbs by rugby players involved in a change-of-direction (COD) activity to differentiate between healthy and post-ACL groups via the use of machine learning. Twelve male participants (six healthy and six post-ACL athletes who were deemed to have successfully returned to competitive rugby and tested in the 5-10 year period following the injury) were recruited for the study. Time- and frequency-domain features were extracted from the raw inertial data collected. Several machine learning models were tested, such as k-nearest neighbors, naïve Bayes, support vector machine, gradient boosting tree, multi-layer perceptron, and stacking. Feature selection was implemented in the learning model, and leave-one-subject-out cross-validation (LOSO-CV) was adopted to estimate training and test errors. Results obtained show that it is possible to correctly discriminate between healthy and post-ACL injury subjects with an accuracy of 73.07% (multi-layer perceptron) and sensitivity of 81.8% (gradient boosting). The results of this study demonstrate the feasibility of using body-worn motion sensors and machine learning approaches for the identification of post-ACL gait patterns in athletes performing sport tasks on-the-field even a number of years after the injury occurred.

Original languageEnglish
Article number3029
JournalSensors
Volume20
Issue number11
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 1 Jun 2020

Keywords

  • Biomechanics
  • Gait analysis
  • IMUs
  • Inertial sensors
  • Machine learning; ACL
  • On-the-field
  • Rugby
  • Running

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