Polyol-crafted superparamagnetic nanoparticles: Hyperthermia performance with histotoxicity assessment

The synthesis of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONPs) was achieved by a highly favourable polyol reduction process (PRP). Lattice parameters spanning 8.4099 Å are revealed by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, which confirm the cubic (Fd-3m) phase formation. Using the Debye-Scherrer (DS) equations, the crystallite size was determined to be 13.28 nm.With a single domain and a saturation magnetization of 34 emu/g, SPIONPs exhibit a superparamagnetic characteristic. Fe was found to exist in both +2 and + 3 oxidation states (O.S.) by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, revealing the mixed valence state of SPIONPs. According to FE-SEM and TEM techniques, respectively, the spherical form and average size of the particles (11.3 ± 1.9 nm) are responsible for the greater surface area of 161.02 m²/g shown by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. By providing an alternating magnetic field (range from 251.4 to 335.2 Oe) with a static frequency of 278 kHz, SPIONPs are useful in reaching the target hyperthermia (HT) performance of 42–45 °C in 10 min. Additionally, under an applied field of 335.2 Oe at a frequency of 278 kHz, SPIONPs have a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 55.11 W/g at a minimum concentration of 1 mg/mL. When tested against the Normal Rat Kidney cell line (NRK-52E), the polyol reduction technique for SPIONPs demonstrated HT potential, achieving a cell survival rate of ∼81.17 %. Furthermore, fish exposed to two different concentrations (25 and 50 mg/mL) of sample SPIONPs did not exhibit any discernible alterations in the structural makeup of their brain, gills, liver, kidney, or muscle tissues as compared to the control group (C.G).