Quercetin-encapsulated magnetoliposomes: Fabrication, optimization, characterization, and antioxidant studies

Quercetin (QU) faces challenges in its therapeutic efficacy due to its hydrophobic nature and limited oral bioavailability. Using a Box–Behnken design (BBD) approach, we developed QU-loaded magnetoliposomes (QMLs) to address these limitations. By encapsulating QU within iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) and liposomes (LPs), we enhanced its hydrophilicity and improved its potential for drug delivery. Through systematic adjustments of phosal, polyvinyl alcohol, and magnetic/IONPs, we optimized the particle size, zeta potential, and iron content of the QMLs. The formulations underwent comprehensive structural characterization using techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-Ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry–thermogravimetric analysis, and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, whereas their morphology was examined through field emission scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, we evaluated the in vitro drug release of the QMLs and antioxidant activity of QU, QU-loaded LPs, and QMLs using DPPH, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), and H₂O₂ scavenging assays, enabling us to compare their antioxidant potential and the efficiency of QU encapsulation within the magneto LPs. Practical Applications: This research holds significant practical implications, particularly in targeted drug delivery using magnetic liposomes. The developed system shows promise in enhancing cancer therapy, providing localized treatment for inflammation-related conditions, delivering drugs to the brain to address neurological disorders, promoting wound healing, and incorporating quercetin into skincare products for its antioxidant and antiaging benefits.