Recent Developments in Nanoparticle Synthesis for Targeted Drug Delivery: A Comprehensive Review

In pharmaceutical and chemical engineering, addressing newly discovered drugs’ solubility and bioavailability challenges is imperative. Nanoparticle (NP)-based drug delivery systems have emerged as a promising strategy to enhance these compounds’ solubility and overall therapeutic efficacy while minimizing adverse effects. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of synthesis methods for drug-loaded NPs that effectively address solubility limitations. Various chemical synthesizing methods, such as nanoprecipitation, solvent evaporation, and supercritical fluid techniques, are discussed, along with physical methods, including milling, spray-drying, and freeze-drying. Each synthesis approach is evaluated in terms of its underlying principles, advantages, and limitations. Additionally, the importance of NP characterization techniques, such as evaluating drug loading, particle size, and surface properties, is emphasized. Understanding these synthesis methods is crucial for optimizing NP formulations to achieve desired drug delivery outcomes, including improved solubility, controlled release profiles, and targeted delivery to specific sites in the body.