Signatures of Oncosomes as dual-function nanocarriers in targeted drug delivery and early cancer detection

Large Oncosomes belong to the extracellular vesicle (EV) family of Vesicles. Typical sizes for large oncosomes are between 1 and 10 μm; they are made from the cancer cell's plasma membrane that has extruded (shed) due to cancer-causing factors, shown by oncogenic triggers such as activating the PI3K-AKT or MAPK pathways or having mutations in genes (such as RAS or MYC) associated with cancer. These Oncosomes contain substances that are similarly found in their parent cancer cells (for example, DNA, RNA, Lipids, and Oncogenic Proteins). Oncosomes have both an indirect and direct role in promoting cancer burden with their ability to facilitate communication between cells and enabling the spread of tumorogenic signals which promote angiogenesis (the development of new blood vessels), immune escape and metastasis (the spread of cancer to new sites). They also transfer mutated EGFR to adjacent cells, thereby increasing both their motility and ability to survive. The unique molecular make-up of Oncosomes offers potential as biomarkers for early detection of cancer via liquid biopsy techniques such as those performed on blood, urine or saliva. The progression of Oncosomes' biomarker potential is attributed to improvements in omics technologies and improvements in isolation techniques; however, there are still many challenges related to standardization and validation of the biomarkers themselves. This review highlights the role of oncosomes in targeted drug delivery and in early cancer detection. Continued research and innovation are essential to harness the potential of oncosomes for cancer diagnosis and treatment.