TY - JOUR
T1 - Too many zeros and/or highly skewed? A tutorial on modelling health behaviour as count data with Poisson and negative binomial regression
AU - Green, James A.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
PY - 2021
Y1 - 2021
N2 - Background: Dependent variables in health psychology are often counts, for example, of a behaviour or number of engagements with an intervention. These counts can be very strongly skewed, and/or contain large numbers of zeros as well as extreme outliers. For example, ‘How many cigarettes do you smoke on an average day?’ The modal answer may be zero but may range from 0 to 40+. The same can be true for minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. For some people, this may be near zero, but take on extreme values for someone training for a marathon. Typical analytical strategies for this data involve explicit (or implied) transformations (smoker v. non-smoker, log transformations). However, these data types are ‘counts’ (i.e. non-negative whole numbers) or quasi-counts (time is ratio but discrete minutes of activity could be analysed as a count), and can be modelled using count distributions–including the Poisson and negative binomial distribution (and their zero-inflated and hurdle extensions, which alloweven more zeros). Methods: In this tutorial paper I demonstrate (in R, Jamovi, and SPSS) the easy application of these models to health psychology data, and their advantages over alternative ways of analysing this type of data using two datasets–one highly dispersed dependent variable (number of views on YouTube, and another with a large number of zeros (number of days on which symptoms were reported over a month). Results: The negative binomial distribution had the best fit for the overdispersed number of views on YouTube. Negative binomial, and zero-inflated negative binomial were both good fits for the symptom data with over-abundant zeros. Conclusions: In both cases, count distributions provided not just a better fit but would lead to different conclusions compared to the poorly fitting traditional regression/linear models.
AB - Background: Dependent variables in health psychology are often counts, for example, of a behaviour or number of engagements with an intervention. These counts can be very strongly skewed, and/or contain large numbers of zeros as well as extreme outliers. For example, ‘How many cigarettes do you smoke on an average day?’ The modal answer may be zero but may range from 0 to 40+. The same can be true for minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. For some people, this may be near zero, but take on extreme values for someone training for a marathon. Typical analytical strategies for this data involve explicit (or implied) transformations (smoker v. non-smoker, log transformations). However, these data types are ‘counts’ (i.e. non-negative whole numbers) or quasi-counts (time is ratio but discrete minutes of activity could be analysed as a count), and can be modelled using count distributions–including the Poisson and negative binomial distribution (and their zero-inflated and hurdle extensions, which alloweven more zeros). Methods: In this tutorial paper I demonstrate (in R, Jamovi, and SPSS) the easy application of these models to health psychology data, and their advantages over alternative ways of analysing this type of data using two datasets–one highly dispersed dependent variable (number of views on YouTube, and another with a large number of zeros (number of days on which symptoms were reported over a month). Results: The negative binomial distribution had the best fit for the overdispersed number of views on YouTube. Negative binomial, and zero-inflated negative binomial were both good fits for the symptom data with over-abundant zeros. Conclusions: In both cases, count distributions provided not just a better fit but would lead to different conclusions compared to the poorly fitting traditional regression/linear models.
KW - Count data
KW - negative binomial regression
KW - Poisson regression
KW - skewed data
KW - tutorial
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85106889523&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1080/21642850.2021.1920416
DO - 10.1080/21642850.2021.1920416
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85106889523
SN - 2164-2850
VL - 9
SP - 436
EP - 455
JO - Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine
JF - Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine
IS - 1
ER -