Towards sustainable energy–exploring the supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO₂) Brayton cycle for various applications: a critical review

In recent years, with an increase in energy demand and environmental concerns, it is important to generate the required amount of energy in a greener and more efficient way. The supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO₂) based Brayton cycle is gaining attention due to its efficient energy generation. In the present study, a detailed review is provided on the S-CO₂ Brayton cycle. This includes thermodynamic properties, general comparison of various Brayton cycle configurations, and so on. The applications of integrating the S-CO₂ Brayton cycle in power generation, nuclear, fuel cell, and renewable energy are also discussed in detail. The key challenges that arise from the technology and their improvements are provided. In addition, test facilities around the world are outlined and future goals are explored. Furthermore, a practical dimension to the S-CO₂ Brayon cycle system  also emphasises the national and international relevance and collaborative nature of advancements in this field.  It provides a roadmap for further research and development, emphasising the importance of this technology in addressing both energy demands and environmental concerns. Overall, as compared to other cycles, the S-CO₂ Brayton cycle exhibits the maximum efficiency, which is approximately 53%, achieved at a turbine inlet temperature exceeding 1173.15 K.