Tumor microenvironment of Burkitt lymphoma: different immune signatures with different clinical behavior

Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is characterized by a tumor microenvironment (TME) in which macrophages represent the main component, determining a distinct histological appearance known as “starry sky” pattern. However, in some instances, BL may exhibit a granulomatous reaction that has been previously linked to favorable prognosis and spontaneous regression. The aim of our study was to deeply characterize the immune landscape of 7 cases of Epstein-Barr virus–positive (EBV⁺) BL with granulomatous reaction compared with 8 cases of EBV⁺ BL and 8 EBV-negative (EBV^–) BL, both with typical starry sky pattern, by Gene expression profiling performed on the NanoString nCounter platform. Subsequently, the data were validated using multiplex and combined immunostaining. Based on unsupervised clustering of differentially expressed genes, BL samples formed 3 distinct clusters differentially enriched in BL with a diffuse granulomatous reaction (cluster 1), EBV⁺ BL with typical starry sky pattern (cluster 2), EBV^– BL with typical “starry sky” (cluster 3). We observed variations in the immune response signature among BL with granulomatous reaction and BL with typical “starry sky,” both EBV⁺ and EBV^–. The TME signature in BL with diffuse granulomatous reaction showed a proinflammatory response, whereas BLs with “starry sky” were characterized by upregulation of M2 polarization and protumor response. Moreover, the analysis of additional signatures revealed an upregulation of the dark zone signature and epigenetic signature in BL with a typical starry sky. Tumor-associated macrophages and epigenetic regulators may be promising targets for additional therapies for BL lymphoma, opening novel immunotherapeutic strategies.